Socio-demographic and professional profile of teachers in factory-based schools of the Kyiv Educational District based on the materials of the 1911 one-day census

Abstract

The article aims to provide a comprehensive reconstruction of the socio-demographic and professional profile of teachers employed in factory-based schools within the Kyiv Educational District, drawing on statistical materials from the 1911 One-Day Census of Primary Schools. Methods. The study is based on a quantitative analysis of the 1911 census data, followed by a comparison of indicators by school type (urban/rural; one-grade/two-grade) across the district’s governorates. Results. The network of factory-based schools in the district was relatively small: in total, 46 institutions and 89 teachers were recorded. Their spatial distribution was shaped primarily by the non-urban (rural/small-town) location of these schools. The gender structure was marked by a predominance of women—51 (57%) versus 38 men (43%)—with the most pronounced imbalance observed in Chernihiv Governorate. Substantial gender differences in age were identified: most female teachers belonged to the 21–25 age group (28 of 51), indicating a “rejuvenation” of the female segment of the teaching workforce. Material indicators revealed both gender and territorial differentiation: in all governorates, men’s average annual salaries exceeded women’s. The dominant form of housing provision consisted of school-provided apartments (68 of 89 individuals), typically offering 1–2 rooms per person. Conclusions.Factory-based schools emerged as a response to the challenges of industrialization and to the social consequences of children’s early involvement in industrial labor, performing an important social function by providing basic education to underage workers. The differentiation of the staff’s socio-demographic and professional profile reflected the sociocultural transformations of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, including the accelerating feminization of the teaching profession.